(root lesion nematodes) Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode) Nacobbus spp. (root knot nematodes) Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode) Heterodera spp. Plant parasitic nematodes in soil, examples include Meloidogyne spp. It acts against plant root nematodes by infecting eggs, juveniles, and adult females.Įggplant, Potato, Chilli, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Flowers, Orchards, Vineyards, Ornamentals in greenhouses, lawns, nurseries and landscape. In laboratory studies, it grows optimally at 21-32 degrees C,and does not grow or survive above 36 degrees C. As a pesticide active ingredient, Paecilomyces lilacinus is applied to soil to control nematodes that attack plant roots. 1990 70:137–144.Disease Control, Insect Control, Nematode Controlīio Insecticides Paecilomyces Lilacinus is a naturally occurring fungus found in many kinds of soils throughout the world.
Ville de Douala (Cameroun), juillet 1988. Evaluation des pratiques et des couts de lutte antivectorielle à l’échelon familial en Afrique Centrale. 1988 81:832–846.ĭesfontaine M, Gelas H, Cabon H, Goghomou A, Kouka Bemba D, Carnevale P. Control of malaria using mosquito nets impregnated with pyrethroids in Burkina Faso. Ĭarnevale P, Robert V, Boudin C, Halna JM, Pazart L, Gazin P, et al. Geneva: World Health Organization 2003 p. An extract from the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria. The Abuja declaration and the plan of action. Laboratory wash resistance of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Gimnig JE, Lindblade KA, Mount DL, Atieli FK, Crawford S, Wolkon A, et al. Although the addition of PBO significantly increased the mortality of mosquitoes, the significant role of the kdr resistance gene in the low efficacy of LLINs calls for LLIN technology innovation that specifically targets this mechanism.īio-efficacy LLINs Piperonyl butoxide Resistant mosquitoes.
This study showed that the new-generation LLINs treated with pyrethroids and PBO showed better efficacy compared to conventional LLINs. With local strains carrying several mechanisms of resistance (kdr + detoxification enzymes), the observed mortality with different LLINs was also low except for PermaNet 3.0, which induced significantly higher mortality, usually greater than 75% (p 0.05). The mortality of local strains carrying only the kdr mechanism varied from 0 to 47% for the single-pyrethroid-treated LLINs and 9 to 86% for bi-treated LLINs. However, with the resistant laboratory strain kdr-Kisumu, mortality was low (16-32%) for all LLINs except PermaNet 3.0 (82.9%). The different LLINs showed 100% mortality of the susceptible laboratory strain Kisumu and the resistant strain Ace-1R Kisumu. Mosquito larvae were collected from these sites, and adult females from these larvae were exposed to single-pyrethroid-treated nets (LifeNet, PermaNet 2.0, Olyset Net) and bi-treated nets (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) based on their level of resistance and using WHO cone tests following WHO guidelines. The study occurred in seven cities in Benin, Abomey, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Zangnanado, Parakou, Malanville and Tanguiéta, and included ten locations selected on a north-south transect. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of LLINs treated with PBO on multi-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. The effectiveness of the new-generation nets has been proven in some studies, but their specific effect on mosquitoes carrying detoxification enzymes and those carrying both detoxification enzymes and the knock-down resistance gene in Benin is not well known. These nets are treated with the piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist which inhibit the action of detoxification enzymes. To increase the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in areas of high resistance, new long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) called new-generation nets have been developed.